The key principals needed to control the exposure are adjusting the shutter speed, aperture, gain/ISO control, and ND filters. Shutter speed controls how long the light falls on the sensor, affecting the motion blur of a video. A higher shutter speed reduces the amount of light and motion blur, and a lower shutter speed does vice versa. Aperture controls how much light falls on the sensor, through adjusting the iris. The wider the iris is, the more light gets in. The aperture also controls the DOF (depth of field) which is the area that is in focus. Large apertures give a shallow depth of field, which can be enough to have a person’s head in focus and the area behind them blurry, and Small apertures give a deep depth of field, which can keep both the person and the background in focus. Lastly, the gain/ISO controls the light sensitivity of the camera. Lower gain results in less noise and a sharper image, and higher gain creates more noise and a softer image. Lastly, you can block the amount of light getting into a camera by using ND filters, which almost act as "sunglasses" for your camera. These can be very useful if you want to have a wide aperture in bright sunlight.
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