There are Dynamic, Condenser, and Ribbon Microphones. Dynamic mics are inexpensive, they're considered "tough" mics, and the coil in the mic dynamically moves and changes acoustic energy to electronic energy. It can usually only respond to only up to 10kHz in frequency, but it doesn't need external or internal power to operate. It is usually used for voiceovers and broadcast, guitar and snare drum miking, and sound reinforcement in general. Ribbon mics operate similarly to a dynamic mic but uses a strip of aluminum foil instead of a coil of water. It moves faster to acoustic sound than dynamic mics and can respond to higher frequencies. However, they're quite fragile compared to dynamic mics. Using phantom power on a ribbon mic would destroy it. Due to this, they can be more expensive compared to dynamic mics. They're usually used to mic instruments such as cymbals, bass, piano, electric and acoustic guitars, and brass instruments. Condenser mics use 2 electrically charged plates, one that can move and one that's fixed. It responds to higher frequencies well like ribbon mics. They come in small and large diaphragm versions. A small diaphragm has a single pickup pattern, and a large has multiple. The smaller ones have a lower frequency response compared to the large ones, making the large ones favored by vocalists. Unlike the previous two, they require internal and external power. Most condenser mics use something called phantom power, which can be supplied from recording consoles and external mic pre-amps. Well-made condenser mics can be expensive, and less expensive ones usually have a poorer frequency response. The mics are also affected by humidity and temperature, unlike the previous two mics. This mic is usually used to record instruments like cymbals, drum overheads, piano, acoustic guitar, string sections, and as well as vocals.
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